The United States has slid into an “age of certainty” where institutions and individuals increasingly traded liberal norms (open inquiry, pluralism, persuasion) for moralized tribal narratives—and that this shift accelerated dramatically around COVID-19 and the summer of 2020.
That big idea comes from Thomas Chatterton Williams’s 2025 book Summer of Our Discontent: The Age of Certainty and the Demise of Discourse, which argues that this new moral certainty—amplified by social media—helped corrode discourse across politics, media, education and culture.
The title is an allusion to William Shakespeare’s Richard III, specifically the opening line of the play: “Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun of York” Below I have my notes for future reference.
Continue reading Summer of Our Discontent






